Abraham Lincoln Bio Essay Example for Free

Abraham capital of Nebraska Bio EssaySince his death in 1865, Abraham Lincoln has been immortalized as one of, if not the greatest hero in American history due to his role in ending the Civil War and abolishing slavery. He conduct our country by its darkest days and was able to prevent the south from successfully seceding and preserving the United States. Throughout history many have been c bothed heroes, some deservedly and others not. Lincolns actualization as a hero is valid because of his many achievements and his leadership style. Lincoln was born in February 1809, in Kentucky. His early life was difficult, losing his mother to illness at 9 years old. The family was poor and Lincoln needed to work to help support them. As a result, he had very little formal education, tho it was this hard work and humble beginnings that ignited the spark in Lincoln to learn. When he was a young man the family moved to Illinois and it was there that Lincoln learn the law and became inte rested in local politics. In 1834 he was elected to the Illinois State Legislature.He taught himself the law, was admitted to the Bar in 1836 and also began a cargoner as a successful lawyer. Between 1847 and 1849 he served one term in the U.S. House of Representatives. As a result of the increased opposition to slavery, the Republican society was born and Lincoln joined the party in 1856. It was his anti-slavery views and the continuing travel bying of laws to protect slavery that further sparked his interest in politics. He ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate simply obtain national exposure from the race due to his unique communication and debating techniques. It was this exposure that found him as a candidate for chairwoman in 1860. He was elected the 16th President of the United States and the first President from the Republican Party. Because of his well-known views on slavery, thesecessionists began their plans to split from the Union prior to his taking office. The Civi l Was began in April of 1861 with the attack on Fort Sumter in South Carolina.Almost immediately in his role as President, Lincoln was faced with the most challenging concomitant of any President prior to him. His decision-making and communication skills, though unpopular at times, would be a vital part of his success over the next some(prenominal) years. Lincoln possessed strong social intelligence skills. He was sensitive to other peoples feelings and moods, and he was particularly adept at narration people. Lincoln had a great ability in understanding the motivations of others, and was skillful at puddleting others to cooperate with him. He knew to be pleasant and approachable charm also being fierce when fighting for causes he believed in. One tool that Lincoln would use was storytelling. He would use stories from his past which would put people at ease while at the same time relaying his point in a clear way. Another method he would use was to ask questions to get his riva ls to see things his way. His communication style and speeches were simple and logical.Abraham Lincolns most famous speech was the Gettysburg Address given in 1863 at the dedication of the guinea pig Cemetery after the battle at Gettysburg. The speech last just over two minutes and was an example of how Lincoln understood his audience. There had been a good deal Pomp and Circumstance throughout the ceremony and many long speeches prior to his. The words he chose were short and to the point, but were full of inspiration and emotion. The speech focussed on the principles of the founding fathers of our nation and the words from the Declaration of Independence that all men are created equal and that all men have the unalienable rights to the search of life, liberty and happiness. One of the main things Lincoln wanted to accomplish with this speech, was to rally support for the 13th Amendment, which would abolish slavery and was in jeopardy of failing to pass in Congress.Lincoln again used his influence as a communicator to get the 13th Amendment passed. He would spend hours with his political rivals building relationships. It was important that he understood their perspectives on the issues and would give them the opportunity to express their views and needs. His approach was thoughtful and personal. This bill was met with much opposition and it took great skill and tenacity on Lincolns part to insure its passage. Many Presidents since Lincoln have also faced challenges when trying to passlegislature, among them our current President Barack Obama.Whether or not you are a supporter of our current President aside, some similarities can be seen between the two. As was the case with Lincoln, Obama is known for his listening skills, and taking in ideas from all sides. He is a skilled orator and there is a strong sense of morality in his tone when speaking. There are many references to President Lincoln in Obamas speeches which show the influence the former President has on him. Abraham Lincoln led our nation through one of its most roily times. He used his communication skills and understanding of people to obtain success. His ability to talk to people and understand what they stood for while moving them to see things his way led him to be regarded as one of our greatest Presidents.ReferencesA-E Networks. Abraham lincoln biography Web log message. Retrieved from http//www.biography.com/people/abraham-lincoln-9382540Abraham and Mary Lincoln A House Divided PBS. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/lincolns/player/Hubbard, C. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.historynet.com/abraham-lincoln give out like Abraham Lincoln. Retrieved fromhttp//www.communitelligence.com/blps/article.cfm?weblogThe Connections Between President Barack Obama and President Abraham Lincoln (n.d.)Retrieved from http//www.reobama.com/ObamaLincoln.htmHouse passes the 13th Amendment. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.history.com/this-day-in-h istory/house-passes-the-13th-amendment

Individual Assignment Essay Example for Free

Individual Assignment Essay1. Introduction Nowadays, as experts are perusing foster and further about personality, the importance of it in the society and workplaces is highly aware by everyone. The more we know about personalities, the better we can go steady why pack do the things they do, and how to communicate with them. Knowing about our own personalities, we can improve our styles, reduce stress and conflicts as well as get out positive attitudes in life (punctuality, flexibility, willingness to learn, friendliness)Therefore, through this paper, I will examine deeply in my personalities as a particular example to further understand this matter. Moreover, with the focus on how it affects me in personal and nonrecreational development, I can find and improve myself to achieve the best success in my future.2. methodological analysis The basic concept of my assignment is the Big v Personality Model. Five basic dimensions underlie all other and encompass most of the vari ation in human personality are * extraversion ones comfort level with relationships. Extraverts get their energy from interacting with others, while introverts get their energy from within themselves. Extraversion includes the traits of energetic, talkative, and assertive while introversion personalities are usually softly, reserved and shy. * Agreeableness the extent to which a person is good-natured, helpful, trusting, and cooperative. Traits include being kind, affectionate, cheerful and warm. * conscientiousness responsibilities and reliabilities.Conscientious people set about self-discipline, well-organized, careful and responsible. * Openness to experiences creative minds and willingness to learn. People with high level of openness tend to be imaginative, curious, independent and somehow artistic. * Emotional stability ability to deal with stress and other tense situations. A person who is very stable emotionally would remain calm in many situations and would tang secure. Bases on this theory, with the help of an online website, Ive got the final result about my personalities according to Big Five Model. With this result, I will be able to evaluate and improve my occupational group as well as my positive personalities.3. Analysis results Results http//img841.imageshack.us/img841/9448/yourbigfiveresults.png In my opinion, this result is matched 80% with my real personalities. In real life, I can be roaring with people that I already k spic-and-span before, especially classmates, parents, siblings I can do silly things, say piles of random things, and joke freely. However, with strangers, I usually deem a secured distance, be formal and respective as much as possible. Sometimes, in disadvantaged circumstances, I might be shy and stay quiet all the time being with strangers as I dont want strangers to know too much about myself.Thats why my result in Extroversion is a little above average score (59/100 respectively). Consequently, this will help me find balance in group working, be opened and be quiet when needed. My job performance will be improved along with my social skills. Moreover, in competitive situations, especially facing with play offs, I can keep them from knowing about my strength and weakness or pretend like I am not a dangerous rival for them.Next, refer to Openness to Experience trait, because I really like original, conventional and unchangeable things so the low score (20/100) is causal agencyable. I dont have a variety of interests but only if a few one and do it thoroughly with my passion. However, sometimes the closeness in my mind prevents me from create new ideas and stay creative while brainstorming. But its true that I am a down-to-earth person as I really shun unclear, misleading, dishonest things/people.I know this attitude sometimes has a bad effect on my career and my personal life since I am not willing to learn new things so my training performance will not be as good as I expect. If I am a leader, I might ignore helpful creative ideas from my teammates. My honest and straight personality likewise carry me hard times dealing with others although its a really worthy trait. However, I believe that the original is always the best basement for my every innovation. It helps me balance a group that contains many open-minded people and keep conventional values of life.This conventional and honest personality might be one of the important reasons leads to my disagreeableness (22/100 of agreeableness). Because I am a little stubborn and hard to be persuaded, sometimes I find the dishonest people, the unclear things or the too-reliable-on-others person really uncomfortable and annoy me. Normally, I am quite kind and lovable but whenever I am concentrating in doing something, I can easily be irritated by people who try to distract me. My perfection attitude also get me into quarrels as I always find the mistakes in others performances and try to fix it for them. Nevertheless, a s my friends and teammates stated, the perfectionist internal me really helps them a lot when they complete their tasks. I am easy to be angry and annoyed but its always reasonable and cerebrate to work issues or problems of the equity. So I think this is not a disadvantage but an advantage for my career and personal life.Be locations that, my flexibility in Emotional Stability helps me a lot in dealing with these two weaknesses. Despite easily being irritated by others, I can capture it in and balance my emotions really well. I made decision for tense situations really slowly and calmly. I dont take it as a pressure or stress but only a problem like other problems everyone needs to face in life. One important reason for the low score is I am truly an optimist, seeing things with believe, happiness and hope. Its not that I paint my life with pink, but my rational sentiment always leads me to better things, not worsen the situations.As a result, my stress level will be reduced a lot, prevent me from being overburden with tasks, problems, personal matters Because I know how to show my expressions and emotions at the right time, to the right person, my social relationships are really good, bring me benefits in both personal and professional life. I can tell that I have only one close best friend but I have a lot of good friends who are ready to help me anytime I need, thanks to my emotional stability.The last trait is conscientiousness with high score at 83/100. This indicates that I am a well-organized, disciplined and reliable person. I really hate disorganized things and people. I always try to arrange my stuff into a repair positions and I hate when someone try to change it or make it messy. I usually make plans review its process regularly and try to murder as perfect as possible. If I am assigned a task, I will try to do it thoroughly and not let anyone kick about my performance, or at least reach the bearable stage.This is applied with not only my p ersonal events but also my working tasks and problems, especially tasks I have a lot of interests in like handicrafts, writing for magazines, reviewing things. In my point of view, this is the most important trait among five traits. My great efforts and responsibilities will bring me more and more knowledge, then contribute to higher level of my job performance, as well as help me organize my life effectively. Not only those but people also trust me and respect me for my enthusiasm, concentration and reliability. Therefore, if I am a leader, I can easily affect and lead my teammates make up my decisions or instructions also my position, status in the group will be firm and long lasted.4. Conclusion Lessons learned To summarize, my personalities according to Big Five are quite correct and bearable. The five traits, no matter how high or low, have certain effects on our personal and professional development. It also indicates that everyone has their own personalities and no one is s imilar to another one. Although this is only a test and might not say everything about oneself, but based on those personalities, we can find the best solutions for our problems, the best way to live and the best career to take. Knowing about personalities, we can try to improve the good side and reduce or fix the bad side of our attitude to improve our living standard, job performance and satisfaction. Moreover, when dealing with relationships in society, we can have a wider view of one person, especially when being a leader joining in group works or assigning suitable tasks.

Environmental Impacts of the Manhattan Project

Environmental Impacts of the Manhattan ProjectBack undercoatIn the year 1940, the US government started their own atomic weapons project that was after named The Manhattan Project. This was due to the occurrence that some American scientists, who were comp uprisingd mostly of European refugees, fe ared that Nazi Germ both, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, was already conducting their own nuclear weapons development (Independence Hall Association, n.d.).The development of the atomic miscarry was then moved to Los Alamos in New Mexico where the project was overlooked by Robert J. Oppenheimer and his team. In the morning of July 6 1945, the first nuclear bomb was successfully detonated. 2 types of nuclear bomb were later developed. The first one was a gun-type fission weapon that used uranium-235 while the second one was a much healthy and efficient but also more complicated implosion-type nuclear weapon using plutonium-239. Both the bomb was given the nickname Little Boy and voluptuous Man and was later detonated in Hiroshima and Nagasaki respectively. The atomic bomb was initially to be detonated in Nazi Germany. save with the surrender of Nazi Germany after their leader, Adolf Hitler, committed suicide, the wariness was then turned on the japanese who was still fighting in the war.The initial plan to force the Japanese to surrender was to launch Operation drop (Trueman, n.d.). The plans of the operation were to continue to bomb Japan using the US bombers followed by a massive land invasion. If the invasion were to happen, the US military will wee-wee more than a million personnel. To avoid such tragedy from happening, the US president, Harry S. Truman, insisted to use the atomic bomb on Japan.On the morning of awful 6 1945, the atomic bomb, Little Boy, was dropped over Hiroshima (Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, n.d.). The blast of the atomic bomb is equivalent to 12,000-15,000 tons of TNT and it unmake about 5 square miles of the cities. Furt hermore, some 70,000-80,000 people died as a result of the explosion and around 70,000 people were injured. Similarly, the atomic bomb that blasted in the mid-air of Nagasaki also caused a substantial amount of casualties. The high-pitched number of deaths was not the only aftermath of the nuclear explosion, but it also affected the environment and also the peoples health around Hiroshima as well as Nagasaki.Environmental ImpactsThe onset of Japans nightmare was marked, as the cardinal atomic bombs that were set in motion by the United States exploded in Hiroshima and Nagasaki respectively. The disastrous impacts of both atomic bombs essentially rest upon the intensity, energy and power liberated at the period of bombing. Nuclear weapons such as the atomic bomb bring about a relentless amount of destruction to the environment and the climate on a scale imitable to any other lethal mankind armament. In retrospect, not only that the use of atomic bombings in the war gave humanity a freak blood stain, but also shows us that an atomic bomb is no mere explosion, it also has the ability to leave numerous impacts on the environment. in that location were many environmental effects caused by the atomic bombing. One of them was the emission of the tremendous amount of ray (Energy and Radioactivity, 2006). Like any other atomic bombing, radioactive dust happened during the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Fallout, harmonize to the Oxford dictionary, is defined as the process in which radioactive particles are carried into the atmosphere following a nuclear explosion and falling back onto the ground later as dust or in precipitation. As a result, thick black rain that contains radioactive soot and dust started falling from the sky, reaching the ground as unstable radioactive water. The black rain did not only damage the contacts and the infrastructures but it also caused beam of light poisoning through ambition and the consumption of contaminated sustenance and water (Energy and Radioactivity, 2006). The radiation emitted lasted for decades where many unfortunate victims who were exposed to intense amount of high radiation had to bear with leukemia and Keloids (Energy and Radioactivity, 2006). Contaminated areas with high levels of residual radiation remained contagious for an extended amount of time, putting thousands in long periods of lethal infirmity. The process of healing is often slow resulting in spacious deterioration of the immune system. Since there is no effective treatment, death follows in a matter of days.Likewise, the explosions of the atomic bomb also led to environmental contamination. The contamination of water is one of the most severe. When living organisms happen to drink the water that is exposed to radiation, be it humans or animals, they are very equivalently to condense from serious health problems. Worse still, when rivers in the cities were contaminated, the current brought the radioactive water to othe r parts of Japan and eventually into the ocean, spreading the radiation beyond Japan itself. This implies that even people who dont stay in or near Hiroshima and Nagasaki will still be affected by the radiation. The contamination of filth and air is just equally horrible. When the bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki exploded in the middle of the air, high degree of radiation was emitted and carried by wind to areas beyond the cities. It then discharge gradually and led to radioactive air contamination. Similarly, plants and agriculture products further away from the center of explosions were also contaminated along with the soil. The radioactive soil became extremely unfertile while the agricultural products that didnt get burned up could no longer be consumed due to the radiation they contain. The contamination gave Japan a effortful time recuperating and it took months ahead the Japanese citizens could put foot in either of these cities again.In addition, the atomic bombing in Hi roshima and Nagasaki also brought about thermal radiation that burned the surrounding with extreme heat. The explosions generated powerful shockwaves together with ample fireballs that killed thousands of people within seconds. This ultimately gave nurture to a large firestorm as the individual flames combined, and before long, both cities were covered in thick black smoke. Through the process of combustion, the firestorms used up substantial amount of oxygen in the atmosphere to perplex flame (The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, n.d.). The smoke released into the atmosphere by the wild fires also produced soot that causes the global temperature to fall. In a recent study, scientists have build out that, a nuclear war that involves 100 Hiroshima-sized bombs would cause the global temperature to fall to Ice Age levels. (The Environmental Effects of Nuclear Weapons, n.d.). This would have an consuming impact on all of humanity.Besides, the aftermath of the atomic bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki further resulted in drastic climate change. As noted earlier, when the atomic bombs were dropped, an enormous amount of heat wave was released into the air. This vast heat wave was later suppressed relatively by the process of rapid cooling. These circumstances were the perfect desktop for the mass production of nitric oxides (Chen, 2010). The massive amount of nitric oxides that is transported to the atmosphere weakens the concentration of the protective ozone layer which is essential to block and protect us from the sulfurous ultraviolet rays from entering the grounds surface.The nitric oxides formed decreased the ozone levels in the Northern Hemisphere and such depletion utter tremendous alteration to the Earths climate. A study shows that nuclear battle involving atomic bombs would bring about an enormous hole in the Earths ozone layer that would uncloak millions of lives to excessive amount of the blazing sunrays (Chen, 2010). It would permit even more ultravio let rays directly from the sun to penetrate the mere surface of the Earth. With that, if exposed, consequences such as equivocal burns and many other serious ecological effects would emerge. Besides, the increase in excessive amount of ultraviolet rays leads to a steep rise in skin cancer and cataracts among humans. Moreover, like we humans, land and aquatic creatures, who apportion the same living space, would also face the repercussion of the atomic bomb in a direction that it disrupts their regular food chains that would fetch the entire ecosystem to a standstill (Jha, 2006).Ultimately, all the effects that came about from the explosion of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki shows a clear validation of the Earths fragility towards the overwhelming desire of ultimate power, selfishness and the presumptuous nature of humans who ignore the degradation of the environment. This compulsory and unthoughtful behavior would eventually result in inevitable consequences that bring a sense of regret and suffering that we humans should bear upon ourselves in the last stage. In short, the atomic bombs dropped in Nagasaki and Hiroshima brought destruction to the environment of the cities, at the same time contributed to global pollution and possibly a lot more post-effects that have yet to be discovered.Mitigation/Remediation ActivitiesAs if they knew there was no time to grief over their devastated state of their quintessential cities when the war came to an end with burst of two vicious, powerful atomic bombs. Everything was gone as they came. But yet, they fret not. The Japanese, although have had their morale shattered, stood right back at their feet contemplating solutions to the matter at hands. And today, their efforts are proven success with evidence of both cities recovered almost perfectly from the bombings. So, the question remained on how did the Japanese manage to resuscitate Hiroshima and Nagasaki the cities of ruins into functional metropolises to day? (Coping with Chaos, 2006) aft(prenominal) the Atomic Bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, it was completely vanquished. Buildings destroyed, countless dead and resources were utterly depleted. People started finding ways on how to recover from such impact and to beget it whole again. As terrible as it sounded, radiation seemed to be the worst impact for people in Hiroshima as it cannot be fully recovered for those who were affected. The radiation led to diseases that brought death to unimaginable amount of people and that it can hardly be avoided. While victims that are affected were hospitalized in Hiroshima A-bomb Hospital, some were evacuated to countryside without any choice in order to avoid from further affections. On the other hand doctors and nurses were mostly among the victims thus, resulting in failure to perform their duty to help others. There was also a major shortage in medical supplies due to the bombing that destroyed most of it (Coping with Chaos, 2006). From here we can clearly see that there is no specific solution in terms of medical aids for victims that were affected.Besides that, due to radiation released from nuclear reactions, the environment of the drop site was contaminated. In the advent of nuclear war, it is clear that no one knew the destructive power these nuclear bombs could impose moreover the effects. Hence, when Hiroshima and Nagasaki occurred, there was no solution to the problem until they crumple the consequences the bombs had caused after the incident. Without an unravelment at that moment of time, the only way to repel these radiations is to rely on the elements natural ability to decay over time which is 700 million years, for Uranium-235 that detonated at Hiroshima, and 24,000 years, for Plutonium-239 at Nagasaki respectively (Takahashi, 2011). The evidence of human existence today is due to the fact that when the bombs were dropped, it detonated in the air, ergo reducing the actual damage of the radiation to the sur rounding at ground zero. This is because with an air burst, a detonated explosive weapon in the air, the fission products rise into stratosphere where they disperse hence reducing the effect of nuclear fallout as the radiation released from the fireball of the bomb is kept from touching ground (Glasstone Dolan, 1977).As time passes, people in Hiroshima and Nagasaki needed a way to rise again and they needed it desperately but they knew it was impossible to recover immediately. It was really hard for them to cope with the aftermath of the whole bombing but their hope neer died. Hiroshima today is indeed in a good and peaceful condition surrounded by roughly one million people with self-awareness just like any other city around the globe (Powell Hiroshima, 2005). Buildings were destroyed, massive diseases took place but a wiped out city has to be rebuilt in every panorama especially in terms of physical, emotional and psychological. Not long after the strike, Hiroshima came up wit h an idea on constructing a peace memorial but it in some way turned out to be a peace memorial park. Powell and Hiroshima (2005) asserts that the centerpiece was transformed into a peace museum as remembrance of the tragic event of nuclear strike. At this point, we knew that any city would have given up at this very stage but Hiroshima took its recovery step by step to rise again and the only thing they needed was time. Today, Hiroshima and Nagasaki left a mark in the history of turning the impossible to possible by rebuilding what was destroyed into modern cities that bear the regalia of hope for all humanity.ConclusionComing to a conclusion to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, we as a team do believe that such a tragedy has left a permanent scar not just to the people of Japan, but also to the whole world. The two bombs that were dropped upon these two locations were the first and last usage of nuclear weaponry in warfare up-to-date. The people of the world bear witness to one of the most ruinous man-made disaster which causes tremendous damage to innocent lives and the environment.The large Area of Effect (AOE) caused by this incident has caused a huge damage to the environment on a very large scale. The environmental damage varies from land, sea, and air. Radiation emission was the biggest environmental impact caused by these atomic bombs. The water was pollute with high cloudiness, coloured, hazardous taste, odour, unsuitable pH level and much more. The land and air are both badly polluted which results in contaminated and damaged soil for crops and soil, which affects food source. The two areas became a nuclear wasteland for a period of time and people are starting to think that such a thing is irrecoverable. But Japan has proven them wrong.Despite facing such a dreadful situation, Japan managed to recover from the incident. Both Hiroshima and Nagasaki is now even livelier than before which serves as a reminder of the human abil ity to recover and regenerate. The mitigation and remediation process took years for them to get back on their feet. Nevertheless, they succeeded in the end, turning the tables from a polluted environment in every direction, to a suitable place and habitat of the living, may it be humans, animals or plants. The people of Japan did not rely on the environments natural ability to decay the radiation completely over hundred millions of years and put things into their own hands.Atomic bombing has caused vigor but trouble to the world, and we believe that it is nothing less than an inexcusable act of mass murder. We also strongly believe that the continuous usage of such is fell and would result in a more terrifying destruction considering the condition of the planet now is even worse than before in environmental terms. No matter what the reason may be, destruction as such to the environment is unforgivable as it creates a channelling chain reaction which brings harm to those around it .

Profiling And Investigating Serious Crimes Criminology Essay

Profiling And Investigating Serious Crimes Criminology EssayThe attempt to locate an slanderdoer is one of the most definitive functions of a criminal probe, geographical profile is ground on the assumption that victim selection is spatially biased toward an offenders home berth. It will also explore the strengthens, weakness and the criticisms of geographic profiling. In evidence to do this it will critical analyse the theoretical underpinnings of geographical profiling, such as rational act theory discourtesy pattern theories. The rational activity theory is base on the idea that an offenders perceptions of the environment is very important in the decision making process. Is important to include the least(prenominal) effort principle, is based on the idea that an offender is more likely to act on the first or the closest opportunity. Crime pattern theory is based on the idea that an offender emphasizes the interaction of awargonness of space or amiable map of the spati al surroundings, and the distribution of suitable targets. fit in to Cohen and Felson (1979) this type of decision are not chosen randomly.This essay, will consider potential difficulties which may occur though the use of proficiencys in geographic profiling. It will also look at the use of statistical programmes to analyse spatial behaviour, and it will take into consideration the reliability, validity and utility of the application of this method. It will also exam the Rail rapist consequence to illustrate how effective geographic profiling techniques it will be compared one of the best-known offender profiling failures in Britain which was the courting of Rachel Nickell in 1992.According to Rossmo (1995, cited in jog and Young, 2008, p.97) geographical profiling is a method through which target location patterns of serial violent offenders are used to establish spatial information about the offender, generally about the location of future offences or the offenders residence. R ossmos (1995, cited in Canter and Young, 2008) method of offender profiling tends to emphasize cases of serial constitution only (i.e. murder, rape, arson, bombings). However, Ainsworth (2001, p.87) argues thatThis technique will only be truly effective when the patrol conduct accurate data on each and every crime in a series. If not all crimes are recorded accurately, or are not recorded as having been connected by the same perpetrator, the technique will be much less useful.Geographic profiling smoke be seen as an out come about of environmental criminology, which tend to focus on how the perpetrators and their targets come across each other in date and space, this approach has little interest on the offenders motivations to engage in such activities (Bottoms and Wiles, 1992). Environmental criminology owes much to the concepts of friendly geography, particularly that of cognitive mapping the process by which individual(a)s learn about, remember and use fellowship about a n area (Brantingham and Brantingham, 1984 Canter and Young, 2008).However, Rossmo (1999, p.88) indicates that this is not fully the case and proposes thatThe representation is of the individuals positive image of place (not a conventional map) and not only includes knowledge of features and spatial relationships but also reflects the individual preferences for attitudes towards places. The product of this process, at any point in time, is a mental or cognitive map and drop be shown cartographically as a perception surface.In this mood individuals store subjective information about their spatial environment every individual has their own mental map which is developed from their childhood to adult life, as they become more experienced the more extensive their internal map is going to be.Furthermore, most offenders prefer to carry out their activities in very long-familiar areas and through their routine daily activities, such as where they work, friends and family homes, where t hey socialize, previous home address) individuals are likely to become very familiar with their neighbourhood, in this context an offender has to know well particular area before he decided to act (Rossmo, 1998). It is clear that somewhat types of offences happen more often in certain(a) places and at certain times. Furthermore, Cohen and Felson (1979) suggests that routine activity theory is based on the idea of that for a crime to be committed there must be a motivated offender, a suitable target and the absence of a suitable guardian against a violation. The implication is that, the manipulation of any of these elements will metamorphose peoples behaviour and also talent pr fifty-fiftyt crime.Another factor which can strongly influence crime site choices is known by psychologists as the least effort principle or known by geographers as nearness principle. The principle of least effort, might suggest that people restrict their outputs of energy, both mental and physical, the m inimum compatible with achieving his ends (Martinet, 1962, p.139). For example, people tend to go to nearby shops wherever possible, and they are less likely to visit relatives or friends that live far a panache, this is because of the time and effort involved in the journey from their own homes to their destination. However, if people have something in particular or special to buy they are willing to switch an effort to go somewhere else to get it, even if that means travel durable than usual, the same principle applies to offenders they are also willing to travel longer distances, if the reward is greater.One of the strengths of crime place theories is that it can be easily used to assist police investigations, for example, Rossmo (1995) has suggested that a careful consideration of the exact location of a series of crime can be helpful in identifying the most likely area in which an offender lives or works. The aim of geographic profiling is not to give the specific identity of the offender instead the aim is to narrow the field of the investigation and suggest the type of person who committed the crime (Douglas et al, 1986). Rossmos (1995) work established that a computer mapping system known as Criminal Geographic Targeting (CGT), which assesses the spatial characteristics of a crime based on these principles, could indicate the area in which a serial offender is likely to be living. Rossmo (1995) indicates that the crucial constants and exponents in the decay functions on which his software is make are experientially determined. The programme predictive power is related to the number of crime sites, and the more sites the better.However, Rossmo (1995) does not provide full information on what the empirical basis of this determination is nor does he make it clear if the same exponent is used in all calculations. As Turvey (1999) suggests, geographical profiling, like trait epitome or future crime prediction, relies heavily on a particular manifestati on of behaviour for example, offence location selection) and attempts to infer meaning from the overall mad context. He believes that, geographical profiling cannot differentiate amidst two similar offenders working in the same area and might wrongly allocate crimes to the wrong person. As an implication, it can make the Criminal Justice System ineffective. Therefore, this type of technique can be only truly effective when the police have an accurate data of each and every case of crime in series.To support Rossmos (1995) arguments of the success of geographic profiling, this essay it will exam at the case of John Duffy the so called railway rapist (cited in Ainsworth, 2001, p.9). Duff had committed a series of rapes and three murders in the Greater London area between 1983 and 1986, the police resources devoted to the task of solving these crimes were enormous, yet little real progress had been made in the hunt for the assailant. Psychologist Canter (1994) cited in Ainsworth (20 01) was called in to concern the police investigation, Canter had little to go in terms of where to start, yet he used a number of psychological principles and sifted though the large measuring stick of data collected by the police.He eventually, produced a profile of the sort of individual whom he felt the police should be looking for. Canter suggested that the attacker lived in the area near to area of first crime probably live with a woman in his mid to late 20s right-handed semi-skilled or skilled job with weekend work great knowledge of railway had previous criminal record (maybe arrested between October 1982 and January 1984). It turned out that the offender lived in the area suggested by Canter aged late 20s recently separated from his wife right-handed travelling carpenter employed by British Rail. Canter (1994), believes that through the crime essential clues are left behind and the unique personality of the offender shows through in some ways. Thus, it is thought that th e way in which the crime is committed is in part a reflection of the everyday behaviour of the individual.Ainsworth (2001, p.95) points out, that considering the case of John Duffy, we can see how a detailed knowledge of the patterns of his crimes was helpful in understanding his behaviour. Canter (1994), was able to establish that the three first crimes formed a triangle within which he probably lived.In contradiction, one of the best-known offender profiling failures in Britain was the case of Rachel Nickell. Rachel Nickell was a young woman who was brutally murdered in mid-morning while walking on Wimbledon Common in south London in July 1992. As part of the investigation into the killing, a profile was commissioned from Paul Britton, a clinical psychologist (cited in Ormerod, 1995). A suspect was eventually identified and it was noted that he seemed to fit the profile well. An elaborate operation, drawing partly but not only on the profile, was put together in which a police wom an befriended the socially isolated and inadequate suspect, offering the promise of an intimate relationship in counterchange for descriptions of his sexual fantasies and a confession that he murdered the woman on the Common. The confession was not forthcoming, but he was still arrested. The case fell asunder because of the lack of evidence and because the psychological profile did not work in this case. As an implication, geographical profiling involves butt measures, it still relies on individual interpretation, which makes it subject to the interpreters knowledge and expertise.The Duffy example shows that in some cases but not all, profiling can be beneficial, however it not right to assume that the results are eer going to be successful in every single case.Holmes and Holmes believe that offender profiling tend to be more useful when there is a psychopathology involved, for example a sadistic assault, and go even further by stating thatProfiling has three major goals. These attempt to provide the criminal evaluator system with information, especially first, a social and psychological of the offender second, a psychological evaluation of possessions found with suspected offenders third, consultation with law enforcement officials on the strategies which might best be employed when investigating suspects.(Holmes and Holmes, 1999, p.156)It is very difficult to predict when a case is going to be successful or not, however even if a profiler proves to be fifty per cent correct, how can this be counted as success or failure? And what if any other information used in the investigation provided by a profiler it helps in catching a criminal is this considered successful?, even if the rest of the information provided have no use for the investigation?To conclude, this essay has provided relative information about how geographic offender profiling and criminal mapping have to offer to its practitioners. This idea of crime mapping it can be seen as relatively new , and have been only made possible thanks to the introduction of software programmes such as, Criminal Geographic Targeting (CGT), however some authors suggested that crime mapping is experiencing a large amount of interest among professional and academics. This essay considered how important the relationship between crime, space and time are which can be seen as strength or a criticism at the same time, because it moves away from the offender and focus in the location where crime occurs.However, as suggested in this essay, is very difficult to collect a complete accurate picture, this approach tends to rely on exact amount of data collected by the police, sometimes public may not report the crime accurately or not report it at all or even the police might also fail to record or even miss-record crime on its real location. Another criticism is that while geographical profiling involves objective measures, it still relies on individual interpretation, which makes it subject to the in terpreters knowledge and expertise. It is clear that some offences happen more often in certain places and at certain times, and the way in which crime occur is rarely random, is important to have a better understanding of why offenders tend to offend in particular places at certain time.By examining the Railway Rapist case is obvious that a better understanding of patterns of his crime helped Canter to establish a profile, however is important to establish that geographic profiling is not always successful.The way in which individuals store subjective information about their spatial environment every individual has their own mental map which is developed from their childhood to adult life, as they become more experienced the more extensive their internal map is going to be.

Fossil Fuels: Contribution and Impact

Fossil Fuels Contribution and ImpactDiscuss the contribution of fossil fuel to advanced human society and the environmental impactThe importance of Fossil Fuels to human society feces non be overemphasized. Public service such as buses, train system, general heating system and electrical vim ar beingness powered with fossil fuels. Due to the high international demand of fossil fuels, they form the study part of the economy of producing countries and the world in general. However the impact of fossil fuel to the environment has been an issue of great concern. Considering the visible contributions of fossil fuels to late human society, the environmental implications pose a quandary to the world geniusers. It is crucial that the hazards posed by fossil fuels to the environment be tactfully minimized while taking into account its positive contributions to civilization. The first office of this essay pull up stakes discuss in a general context the different contributions that fo ssil fuel had made to the red-brick human world. It will notwithstanding discuss the contributions and environmental implications of ember, oil colour and immanent flub. The final section in the form of conclusion will summarize in a general depot the contributions and environmental implications fossil fuels on modern human society. Comparing the trends in the rate at which each type of fossil fuel is being consumed in a orbicular scenario will show the impact of the continuous enlarge in the rate of fossil fuels utilisation will have on next environment. The environmental implication of fossil fuels as discussed in this essay is with respect to contamination and modality change.Energy is fundamental to the grapheme of our lives. In fact or so human activities depend on the regular and uninterrupted supply of energy. This makes fossil fuels essential to modern human society, (Baker, 2008).The issues concerning the facts of the global energy consumption foot be related to fossil fuels because they serve as primary source of energy globally. tally to Chow, et al. (2003),the global energy use exceeds 370 (EJ) and fossil fuels contribute to the highest degree 80% of this quantity of energy. This implies that fossil fuels contribute two third of global energy. Fossil fuels ar made up of namely coal, oil and inherent throttle valve. They were formed in the outer layer of the earth from the remains of plants and animals over hundreds of millions of years age (Encarta World English Dictionary, 2005). This implies that fossil fuels be almost non-renewable because its formation deal takes a long period and this period is long enough for the world to run out of fossil fuel reserves. Fossil fuels contribution is noticeable figureing how the quantity of energy in a country affects both their economy and social life. In the world today the industrial, transportation, populace service and residential spheres atomic reckon 18 been powered primarily by fossil fuel. in that respectfore, these different sectors where fossil fuels are major(ip)ly consumed on a lower floor make their important contributions to modern human society.One of the key uses of fossil fuels is to generate electricity. Coal is one of the major fuel sources for electricity generation. The relative number 1 monetary value of coal and its abundanceadded to the fact that it does notrequire the upkeep of pipelines and security issues while transporting coal is an advantage over some other sources of fossil fuels for generating electricity. Coal fuels the economy of countries, for example China has about 30% of the worlds coal reserves and uses coal as their major energy supply, (OECD, 1998). Chinas industrial power which allow for economic growth depends virtually on coal (IEA, 2005). However Chinas dependence on coal has led to the countrys emitting about 39% of the total global CO2emission. Burning coal produce useful by-product that are been utilize in the industrial sector in the first place in steel plants and cement works, (Rohde, 1998). However, the environmental issues being raised by the global consumption of coal is of major concern. The toxins emitted from the combustion of coal and the bollocks up from it excavation process result in climate change and making the soil unproductive for agriculture, (OECD, 1983). Coal in comparison with the two other types of fossil fuels has to a greater extent environmental impacts. According to the OECDS publication on coal and environmental protection states during exploration of coal to its end use coal has environmental implicationsDuring mining, treatment, transport and warehousing the sources of environmental concern can be summarized as subsidence, land use, liquid and solid waste, dust, noise, vibration and deterioration of surface and subsurface natural water systems. The major sources of pollution during combustion are air emissions of SOx, NOxand particulates, and solid waste materials.(OECD, 1998) opening BP coal consumption table, 2008. Fromhttp//www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statistical_energy_review_2008/STAGING/local_assets/downloads/pdf/coal_table_of_coal_consumption_2008.pdfFigure 1 above shows the step-up in the rate of consumption of coal. There was a slight decrease in 1998 and 1999. This might be as a result of a lessening in consumption of coal in different countries. However, generally the rate of increase surrounded by years is not very more than but if this increase rate is consistent over a period of time the quantity of coal consumed will be astronomical which implies that the environmental issues posed by coal will likewise be on the increase.In recent times, technological development and with some regulatory organizations that manages mining activities, the environmental issues are minimized. A careful comparison of the contributions of coal to the human society and its environmental implications makes the issue of coal controversial, (IEA, 1998). While the environmental implications posed by coal mining and usage are of concern, its contribution to modern human society requires that the action to be taken should be balanced with regards to its economical, energy and environmental impact. rock oil like coal has contributed to modern human society in quite a number of ways. Unlike coal, it is easier and cleaner to burn and have a wider range of application. It is consumed the most among coal and natural gas. In fact the increase in demand of oil results in a lucrative international oil grocery. Therefore this lucrative oil market is an advantage to the oil producing countries because when either the rate of global demand, price or both increases these countries economy will be benefited. The major contribution of oil to modern human society is evident in the industrial and transportation sector. Most machines used in the industries make use of refined oil product. In the transportation sector aircraft and automobiles are examples of machines that make use of refined oil product. In addition, plastic and detergent are byproducts of oil. However, just like the other types of fossil fuels, the processes of exploration, refining, transporting and consumption of oil have an environmental implication.Firstly during exploration of oil, loss of drilling mud will result in escape of oil, (OECD, 1973). In an event where oil escapes, the case will be that the soil and/or the sea will be polluted. This will lead to loss of productive land for agriculture and possibly, experimental extinction of the aquatic habitants in the surrounding sea. In addition to loss of drilling mud is the seismic technique for exploration. As a result of the loud and low frequency output, this technique endangers marine lives during offshore exploration, (Kennesaw State University, 2009).Another environmental issues associated with the process of refining oil is the methods which the refinery chooses to dispose oil waste. These wastes are sometime later being treated with a supposedly less harmful chemical is emptied into the sea. This chemically treated waste with time get to the point it becomes poisonous to aquatic life, (OECD, 1971). Also some gases are being emitted during refining and this leads to air pollution which harmful to both existence and animals. These gases can cause cancer and other diseases to humans if inhaled.Oil spill is the major issue with oil transportation. According to the article Environmental science activities for the 21stcentury published by Kennesaw State UniversityOil spill during transportation of oil account for an estimated 44 million gallons being dumped into the worlds water system, with 29 million gallons of this coming in the form of oil tanker spills.Natural gas is an important source of energy for reducing pollution and maintaining a clean and healthier environment compared to coal and oil . In addition to being a domestically abundant and secure source of energy, the use of natural gas similarly disco biscuits a number of environmental benefits over other sources of energy, mainly other types of fossil fuels, (BP, 2006). The different uses of natural gas in modern human society make it an essential part of human life. Natural gas domestic uses are part of the many social impact it has on human society. Natural gas is convenient and it is being piped straight to the consumers facility which in contrast, oil must be trucked to the customers location, and truck hold openies are to liable to weather conditions. Natural gas is reliable, (BP, 2006). Natural gas is the cleanest burning fossil fuel. Because the combustion process for natural gas is almost perfect, very few byproducts are emitted into the atmosphere as pollutants. The blue flame seen when natural gas is ignited is a hall of perfect combustion. Natural gas is mainly used for domestic, commercial, industria l and power generation purposes.Firstly, the residential applications of natural gas are the most commonly know use of natural gas. It can be used for preparedness, washing and drying, water warming, heating and air conditioning. Domestic appliances are increasingly improved in range to use natural gas more economically and safely. Operating damages of natural gas equipment are generally lower than those of oil and coal. It is mainly used commercially by food service providers, hotels, healthcare facilities and in office grammatical crooks. Also natural gas commercial applications include cooling (space conditioning and refrigeration), cooking or heating.Secondly, Natural gas is used as an input to manufacture pulp and paper, metals, chemicals, stone, clay, glass, and to process certain foods. Gas is as well as used to treat waste materials, for incineration, drying, dehumidification, heating and cooling, and cogeneration. In addition electric utilities and independent power producers are increasingly using natural gas to provideenergy for their power plants. In general, natural gas fuelled power plants have lower capital appeals, are built faster, work more efficiently and emit less pollution than other fossil fuel power plants, (IEA, 1998). Technological improvements in design, efficiency and operation of combined cycle gas turbines and co-generation processes are favoring the use of natural gas in power generation. Natural gas in a joint- electricity generation produces power and heat that is useful for industries as well as commercial users. This cogeneration reduces pollution emission considerably.Although the combustion of natural gas produces very little NOx, this chemical is however a toxic agents that results to acidic compounds and when combined with water and result in acid rain. Also, the length of the complex and extensive systems of pipelines in which natural gas are being transported through are in thousands of kilometers. Considering tha t natural gas in the pipe is in a condensate state, in the case of material defects and pipe corrosion to ground erosion natural gas will be exposed to the environment and in effect will pollute the air. Also, the technique of extracting natural gas is one of its disadvantages which are because of the creation of cavities in the ground during extraction. If natural gas is been inhaled in large amounts is harmful to humans.The gas is extracted from a natural gas field. The pressure exerted by the gas helps support the layers of soil above the gas field. When the gas is extracted, the soil pressure increases and cavities are created in the ground. These cavities can sometimes cause the ground to sink and the productive land for agriculture might be lost. Another environmental implication of natural gas is that the gas is toxic and can be poisonous. If the fields from which it was extracted were not treated, it can be toxic. The formula nursery gases include water vapor, carbon dioxid e, methane, nitrogen oxides. Methane being the principle component of natural gas makes it a matter of concern with regards to greenhouse emission that results to climate change. Methane is a very strong greenhouse gas. In fact, it has an ability to trap heat almost 21 times more effectively than carbon dioxide, (naturalgas.org, 2004).Source Chow, J. et al (2003). Energy resources and global development. Sciencemag.org, vol. 302.In conclusion the different contributions of fossil fuels to the modern human society are very noticeable. The chart above shows the global fossil fuels consumption by sectorial end use. The contributions of fossil fuels are made evident in the different sectors mentioned above. Form this essay, it can be suggested that the global fossil fuels consumption be reduced and more regulation that will effectively minimize the environmental implications of fossil fuels. it will be helpful if manufacturers consider environmental factors when producing machines and a ppliances that is being powered by fossil fuels. Moreover, resolving the global dilemma presented by fossil fuels will require a collective swither of every human.Private finance Initiatives Advantages and DisadvantagesPrivate Finance Initiatives Advantages and DisadvantagesPFI PrinciplesThe PFI, known as Private Finance Initiative, is a type of Public Private Partnership procurance method implemented in UK construction industry in 1992. (Chinyio and Gameson, 2009) As an important part of Governments strategy for delivering high quality public services, Private Finance Initiative requires the beneathcover financers to put its own capital at risk to deliver clear defined public redacts for a long border period, ensuring the quality of the work delivered within the time and cypher. (HM Treasury, 2009) OGC (2007, p.6) defined PFI as Where the public sector contracts to purchase quality services, with defined outputs from the esoteric sector on long term basis, and including m aintaining or constructing the necessary infrastructure so as to take advantage of secluded counseling skills incentivised by having semiprivate finance at risk.PFI has now cover most of public services such as health, education, defence, prisons and transportations. Typically, PFI procural involves contracting the entire stomach package including design, construction, finance, operation and maintenance, to a group of private companies which consists of a reasonably skilled construction firm and a facility worry firm, for a long period of 20 30 years. The government also provides specifications indicating the services and modulars it requests, and leave the control right of design and construction and operation solely to the private group for the contract period. (Bennett and Iossa, 2006) It is only recommended for find outs to take PFI route when the capital cost is likely to exceed 20m. (OGC, 2007) Bennett and Iossa (2009) say that its more likely to use PFI procurement if the externality is positive and the innovation on residual value is large.AdvantagesLong-Term alliancePFI is not only focusing on the value for cash, it also stressed the development of long term relationship between public sector and private sector. Robinson and Scott (2009) indicates that long-term relationships in PFI projects can provide a powerful incentive in order to learn from each other, share the knowledge, innovate and continuously improve the performance between private sector and public sector in project delivery. Partnering is a crucial key of PFI procurement, the wide performance of which will lead to the success of the project. Spackman (2002, pp.283-301) addresses Success can be achieved only if the public authority and the declarer approach the project in a spirit of partnership, wit correspondence of each others business and a common vision of how best they can work together.Public SavingPFI/PPP procurement has the potential to reduce the cost, and deliver b etter quality work with the same cost in other procurements. (Bing and Akintoye, 2003) look into shows that the governments investment using PFI procurement in the UK is now about 10-14% in its total investment. (Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) Local authorities are keen to use PFI to deliver a project via partnership as they do not need to acquire money from the banks. Spackman (2002) finds the government constrains its borrowing because it concerns about future taxation, economic demand, costs of the borrowing, and flexibility responding to future economy shocks. The interest cost of public debit in UK is at 2-2.5 percent, however for the cost of private one is only about 1 percent. (Spackman, 2002) Anon (2009, p.3) declares that In the UK, lack of cash is forcing the government to look at using PPPs for more considerablely. The saving for the government is not only from the borrowing tax aspect, but also in total value of the projects compared with traditional procurement. Parker and Hartley, 2003 (in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) aver that PPP contracts for UK defence services save cost range from 5-40 percent compared traditional public procurement.Private ProfitOne of the benefits for private sectors to take PFI is that at a lower place the long term ownership, they can gain incomes and benefits under their management and operation, or exchange benefits with the local authorities. Carrillo at el. (2008) indentifies that one of the key drivers for the motivation of the PFI is the soused and long term income stream and higher returns and profitability. Spackman (2002, pp.283-301) also mentions its easier to increase charges to meet a contract with a private operator than by voting in local or national government, and private financiers might regard income from users as a less risky source of revenue.Better Management SkillsAs private financers are more capable for management in business in various fields, the government believes that the private sector has a b etter role to offer project management skills, innovative design and facility and risk management. (Carrillo at el., 2008) Spackman (2002) stresses that the monitoring pressures on contractors from private sectors may be stronger than those from the public sector which is take to a quality work.Long Term cartelIn PFI, contractors are tied into a long-term commitment, so that it reduces that a contractor can passing game away during the project if no sufficient funding is in place. Even though contracts might restrict this from transcending, but it is difficult to design and impose broad articles and clauses in the contract for a long contractual period. (Spackman, 2002)Risk TransferRisk transfer is also an important element for delivering a good PFI project. Carrillo at el. (2008) claim that PFI will reduce the risk level carried by the government and transfer it to the contractors. Grimsey and Lewis (2005, pp.345-378) concludes that The transferred risk is often a key determina nt of value for money in PPPs, and one that may need to be updated as negotiations processed, to allow for variations in risk allocation. Apart from public procurement cost risk, there are also other risks such as site use, site operation and access, building standards, operations and management, financial conditions, maintenances and services, residual value and revenue etc. (Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) Those risks can all be considered and transferred to private side. In UK, there is a long list of takes for public funded projects being delayed or finished with over budget. much(prenominal) risks being transferred from public sector to private sector through a PPP route is considered to be adding value for money for public project, as private sector will solely manage the project cost, time and quality. (Grimsey and Lewis, 2005)Less Construction TimePFI is considered to be one of the procurements which can deliver project under or on time. MacDonald, 2002 (in Grimsey and Lewis, 20 05) reviewed 50 large UK public procurement projects in the past 20 years, and found 11 were using PFI/PPP, average of which were completed under-time. HM Treasury, 2003b (in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) reviewed 61 PFI projects, 89 percent of which were completed under or on time. Compared with traditional procured projects, 30 percent of which delivered on time, PFI projects could be completed on time with a 76 percent. (UK National Audit Office, 2003, in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005)Delivery against BudgetPFI is also considered to be one of the procurements which can deliver project under or on budget. HM Treasury, 2003b (in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005) reviewed 61 PFI projects, all of which were all finished within the budget. Compared with traditional procured projects finished with 27 percent on budget, PFI projects completed on budget with a 78 percent. (UK National Audit Office, 2003, in Grimsey and Lewis, 2005)Innovation ApproachPFI schemes allow the private bidders to explore their app etite to develop creational and unique projects which can also meet the indispensable standards from the government. (Bing and Akintoye, 2003) When the project is under the ownership of public sector, renegotiation between the private financiers and the public guests must be carried out before the innovation is applied. However, when the project is the ownership of private sector, following governments specifications, private financiers has own power and freedom to implement an innovative approach to meet its own urgencys. (Bennett and Iossa, 2006)DisadvantagesTime TakingResearch shows that most suppliers complain that during the procurement, the PFI process takes too long for management decisions. (Spackman, 2002) Li (in Bing et al., 2005a, pp.25-35) claims that the most negative factor associated with PFI/PPP procurement is a lot of management time spent in the contract transaction, length delays in negotiation and high participation cost. Furthermore, Carrillo at el. (2008, pp. 138-145) state that PFI projects are complex than traditional procurement taking longer lead-in time before the start of the construction. It also adds It is unsustainable for a private company to have staff involved on a project for a 5 years period without a positive outcome.Risk AllocationIt is an advantage for public sector that their risks during PFI have been allocated away to private sections. However, it would be a shortcoming for private bidders to carry the risks somehow. OGC (2007, p.10) indicates that construction projects are undertaken by the private sector, which are incentivised by having private finance at risk. utmost CostAccording to research from Bing et al. (2005b), PPP/PFI procurement has problems such as high tender cost, complicated negotiation, innovation cost restrains and conflicting in objectives between stakeholders. Carrillo at el. (2008) also find complain from both of node and contractors that the costs for the bidding, design and construction are hi gher than the traditional procurements.Lack of ExpertiseThere are still many public professionals not baffled with PFI as it is so complex to cope with. Carrillo at el. (2008) indicates that lack of expertise in public sector in terms of experience is one of the issues for PFI process. It adds further that the lack of expertise has negative impacts on the PFI projects, and the local authorities who are limited with the experience are also struggling to keep up the private partners, which influences the partnering development.Government InfluenceThe government is somehow bombarded that it is trying to show positive sides of PFI as much as it can in order to encourage implementation of PFI. The research and studies carried out so far by the government have been using a limited amount of projects with certain focus. It is recommended to call for more independent and third party studies for a wide range of project research and collect feedback from the clients in all types of projects to epitome the PFI performance. (Carrillo at el., 2008)Procurement ComparisonIn order to procure the project of residential development for Wulfruna University in UK, PFI and Design and Build are taken into account for the project procurement. Comparison and analysis are carried out as following.Design BuildDesign Build is one of the popular procurement methods implemented in the construction industry. Since April 2000, DB has been nominated as one of the procurement recommendations along with PFI and Prime Contracting by the government body. (OGC, 2007) The basic principle of DB procurement is, as fig.1 shown, the client sets up the requirements and standards, and then forwards them to the DB contractor for the delivery of the work. There is always possible plectrum for client to consult other design professionals for initial innovations and design concepts. Once, the client is contracted with the DB contractor, its responsibility of design involvement is totally reduced. Risks shifts to the DB project team, consisting of designers, suppliers and subcontractors, who will take full responsibility to carry out the design and construction of the projects. (OGC, 2007)Brief AnalysisWith the intention of analysis the brief, following key points have been indentified exist 12,500 scholarly persons with 800 hall of planetary house and 450 on proposalExisting 65% males and 60% full timersProposed 450 bed hall of residenceProposed building with comprised different types of accommodationProposed building with a modern standardProposed building to hire out to tourists or public members during holidaysAnalysisThe current pupil number is 12, 500, and full time student is about 7,500. But the number of the halls is only 1,250 (including the one on proposal). This figure is only about 16.7% of the current full time student number, if 1,2500 rooms are all counted as single units. There is a possibility of future development of more student halls of residence.If curren t full time student number is about 7,500 who need student accommodation, there could be about 4,875 male students. It is common that the maintenance and cleaning for the rooms rented out for male students are more likely harder and difficult than the ones for female students. So that the proposed building should be quality ensured with good maintenance scheme in place.450 bed hall of residence with modern standard and mixed types of rooms could increase the project cost, and it is likely to over the 20m limit. Such a number of students accommodation also needs a good management and administration.The requirement of different types of accommodation might involve variation during design stage of the project.A modern standard might involve client into the design for its appetite of innovation approach and standard.Renting out tourists and other public members could increase extra income for the owner. Good management and operation are required from experience management firms to provi de professional services.PFI versus Design BuildProject TimeIt is clearly indentified in the previous section that the majority of PFI project delivered under or on time. DB comes with 2 options for competing projects normally. One is fixed price project therefore, the project will be delivered definitely within the budget or no extra costs for the clients if its over. But the time of the project is uncertain. The other option is fixed time project, which can guarantee the project time, but the cost of the work could be more than what clients expects. Therefore, in terms of project time, both PFI and DB are all suitable for the project.Project CostPFI is considered to be cost efficient delivery, and it always meets the budget or even under the budget. But it may cost more for the bidding cost for the contractors. DB can consecrate fixed price option so that both procurement methods can meet the requirement of cost even though the cost requirement is not clear in this brief. Howeve r, and again, the time will not be guaranteed.Project QualityDue to PFI is involved a long term contract for the contractor and private financiers, it guarantee the quality and maintenance of the project. However, DB is somehow has more chance to deliver a less quality work depending on the morale and motivation of the contractor, contractor might reduce the quality of the work in terms of material or skilled labour etc to save a profit for its own. According to the analysis b, PFI is more favourable for the quality work in this project.Clients InvolvementWhen the private financier claims the ownership, involvement of design is more likely to happen in order to input innovation approach to achieve the appetite of financiers own. Therefore variation is allowed to occur within the PFI. However, DB contractor process the project from design to construction, there is not involvement for the client. Any variation for the project will lead an extra fee to be implemented by the contractor . According to the brief analysis d and e, PFI is definitely better for DB in this case.Risk AllocationIn PFI, risks will be transferred to the private financier for the development. In DB, client only have a single contractual link with the contractor, shown as in fig. 1. The risk the client carried is little and passes most of it to the contractor.Project dispositionPFI procurement is suitable for complex project, in which the project cost is more than 20m according to the introduction from OGC. DB, however, is also suitable for the complex project. As in the brief analysis c, it indicates complex types of accommodation requirement, both PFI and DB can procure this project.Partnering ApproachIt is no doubt that PFI is the only one procurement which required partnering for project compared with DB. Good partnering can lead to exchange of learning, knowledge sharing and improvement of delivery. In the brief analysis a, there is a potential development of student halls in the future if the number of students keeps increasing. Good partnering and relationship are the keys for quality delivery. PFI is then better than DB to be selected.Management Operation MaintenancePFI is a long term contractual practice which involves design, construction, management, operation and maintenance for a period of 20 to 30 years. Private sector sometimes has better management skills than public sector. Analysis f stresses the need of good Management and Operation, and also analysis b again claims the importance of maintenance. PFI, therefore, is once again the only option for this requirement contrasted with DBSelection RecommendationAccording to HM Treasurys Central Unit on Purchasing, 1992 (in Masterman, J.W.E., 2002), selection of an appropriate procurement method can be achieved following the following stepsReview of contract strategyAnalysisOptionsSelection of best strategyImplementationThe document suggests clients or project managers to realise how each procurement method meet the requirement of the objectives in various aspects, in which way the evaluation of the procurement is carried out. (Masterman, J.W.E., 2002) As fig. 2 shown, each standard criterion has its own requirements relative weighting range from 1 to 4. A satisfaction score range from 1 to10 should then be given to the procurement matching with the standard criteria. After the scoring, a calculation should be done by using the procurement score on one of the criteria multiplied by the weighing for the matched criteria. Then add up all the results to get a total score. For instance, in fig. 2, the underlined figures show the timing weighing for the project and traditional procurements score on this aspect for the project, so it should be calculated as 4 X 4 = 16, and 16 is the total score for the traditional procurements performance on timing. Then add the rest scores for variation, project nature etc. The more the score is, the more suitable the procurement will be.It is recommended that the client, the Wulfruna University, should firstly analysis and identify the importance of each objective for the entire project, and provide the scale weighing on the object criteria according to the importance level. Then follow the sample shown above to list common procurement methods and give a score to each one. In the end, to choose the most scored procurement for the student hall of residence project. However, there are also other types of selection, but the main principles are all similar to each other.ConclusionIn this report, it has reviewed PFI procurement. The review has recognized PFI can provide quality project within the time and budget scale, freedom of innovation, long term relationship, risk transfer from public sector to private sector etc, but has also underlined some drawbacks such as long decision making, high bid cost and lack of experience for both side etc. Meanwhile, it has compared two chosen procurement types PFI and Design Build, both of which are recommended by the government body. According to the brief analysis, it has listed some key points and requirements for the projects and comparison against each requirement between PFI and DB are carried out. It is clearly that PFI can provide more to meet the requirement of the project brief. Furthermore, a recommendation for procurement selection is also provided with an example of how the procurement is selected is also presented. The recommendation stressed the importance of the analysis and identification of important requirement of the objectives and standards for the project.ReferencesAnon (2009) The big hiccup.Public Private Financeonline. February 20093. P.3 accessed on twenty-fifth November 2009 Available from Business Source Premier, EBSChost. ISSN 17420334.Bennett, J. and Iossa, E. (2006) edifice and managing facilities for public services. diary of Public Economics, 90(10-11), pp.2143-2160.Bing, L. and Akintoye, A. (2003) An Overview of Public-Private Partnership. in Akintoye, A., Beck, M. and Hardcastel, C. (eds.) Public-Private Partnership Managing Risks and Opportunities. Oxford Blackwell Science Ltd. pp.3-24.Bing, L., Akintoye, A., Edwards, P. J. and Hardcastle, C. (2005a) The allocation of risk in PPP/PFI construction projects in the UK. International Journal of Project Management, 23(1), pp.25-35.Bing, L., Akintoye, A., Edwards, P. J. and Hardcastle, C. (2005b) Critical success factors for PPP/PFI projects in the UK construction industry. Construction Management and Economics, 23(5), pp.459-471.Carrillo, P., Robinson, H., Foale, P., Anumba, C. and Bouchlaghem, D. (2008) Participation, Barriers, and Opportunities in PFI The United Kingdom Experience. Journal of Management in Engineering, 24(3), pp.138-145.Cartlidge, D. (2006) Public Private Partnerships in Construction. Abingdon Taylor Francis Group.Chinyio, E. and Gameson, Rod. (2009) Private Finance Initiative in Use. in Akintoye, A. and Beck, M. (eds.) Policy, Finance Management for P ublic- Private Partnerships. Chichester Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp.3-26.Grimsey, D. and Lewis, M. K. (2005) atomic number 18 Public Private Partnerships value for money? Evaluating alternative approaches and comparing academic and practitioner views. Accounting Forum, 29(4), pp.345-378.HM Treasury (2009) Public Private Partnerships online. accessed on twenty-fourth November 2009. Available atMasterman, J.W.E. (2002) An example of contract strategy (procurement system) selection. Introduction to Building Procurement Systems. 2nd ed., New York Jack W E Masterman. P.175Masterman, J.W.E. (2002) Introduction to Building Procurement Systems. 2nd ed., New York Jack W E Masterman.Morledge, R., Smith, A. and Kashiwagi, D.T. (2006) Building Procurement. 1st ed., Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd.Morledge, R., Smith, A. and Kashiwagi, D.T. (2006) Design and Build. Building Procurement. 1st ed., Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 118.OGC (2007) 06 Procurement and Contract Strategies online. a ccessed on 24th November 2009. Available atRobinson, H. S. and Scott, J. (2009) Service delivery and performance monitoring in PFI/PPP projects. Construction Management and Economics, 27(2), pp.181-197.Spackman, M. (2002) Public-private partnerships lessons from the British approach. Economic Systems, 26(3), pp.283-301.

Soliloquy Essay - Two Soliloquies, One from Lady Macbeth and One from Macbeth :: GCSE Coursework Macbeth Essays

Analysis of Two Soliloquies - One from Lady Macbeth and another from Macbeth On the level of human evil, Shakespe ares tragedy, Macbeth is about the character Macbeths bloody rise to force, including the mutilate of the Scottish king, Duncan, and the guilt-ridden pathology of evil deeds generating still more evil deeds. Perhaps, the plays most memorable character is Lady Macbeth. Like her husband, Lady Macbeths ambition for power leads her into an unnatural, phantasmagoric realm of witchcraft, insomnia and madness. But while Macbeth responds to the prophecies of the plays famous trio of witches, Lady Macbeth goes even further by figuratively transforming herself into an unnatural, desexualized evil spirit. Throughout the novel, there are moments when important characters are given the opportunity to express details of their character and reveal information that is otherwise not given, but vital to the development of the story. A soliloquy is a classical literary technique to allo w a character to share his or her thoughts and feelings with the audience. I will now examine and prove to interpret two of these soliloquies, one from Lady Macbeth and the second from Macbeth himself.As the scene opens, Lady Macbeth is reading a garner from her husband. The letter tells of the witches prophecy for him, which is treated as a certainty, because I have learned by the perfectest report, they have more in them than mortal knowledge. The perfectest report means the most reliable information, so it appears that Macbeth has been asking people what they know about the reliability of witches. If thats the case, he has ignored the advice of Banquo, who is quite sure that witches cant be trusted. But Macbeth seems to trust the witches absolutely, because he is writing to his wife, his dearest partner of greatness, so that she mightst not lose the dues of rejoicing. That is, he believes that she has a right to rejoice because she will be a queen. However, Lady Macbeth doesnt rejoice. She is determined that he will be king, but she suspects that he doesnt have the right stuff to do what needs to be done. Speaking to him as though he were authentically there, she says Yet do I fear thy nature / It is too full o the milk of human kindness / To catch the nearest way.Her reaction to the letter shows that Lady Macbeth is a woman who knows her husband very well, perhaps because she shares some of his instincts.

CanadasTwo-Tier Healthcare System Essay -- Healthcare

CANADA HAS TWO-TIER HEALTH CARE SYSTEMThe issue of a ecumenical approach to Canadian Health billing has been contended for several years. Canadas national wellness insurance program, or Medicare, was designed to ensure that all people can present medical, hospital and physician operate. The cost is to be paid for by Ontario medical insurance program (OHIP). The Canada Health Act was intended to represent certain principles of our health care system. It was intended to be a symbol of the Canadian values. Those values are fairness equity and togetherness. This oneness of a universal approach is what we peal the one tier system. Many Canadians still believe the official government stand on this Canadas medical insurance covers all needs and services for every insured citizen. Officially then, there is a one level health care system. This paper shall argument that Canada has a two tier health care system. Those who would claim that Canadas health care is a universal one tier system could refer to the legal terms of the Canada Health Care Act. In particular, the point that states, Universality All insured residents are entitled to the same level of health care. (Canada Health Care Act, 2007). In fact, numerous Canadians feel they have a right to be covered financially for any and all medical costs. According to the land & Mail, Canadians have developed an unbelievable sense of Medicare entitlement They want all care for all people, instantly and free of charge. (Andre, 2009). It is true that the original intention was to make health care services getable for Canadians, but the guidelines offer the same service to Canadians covered by the health plan. However, certain problems arose and modifications were needed because not al... ...Works Cited Andre, P. (2009, October 16). Our two-tiered health system a rural-urban split. The Globe & Mail. Retrieved from http//www.theglobeandmail.comCanada Health Care Act. (2007). Canada Health Care. Retrieved from http//w ww.canadianhealthcare.orgNational Bureau of Economic Research. (2007). Health status, health care and inequality Canada versus U.S. June, E.O. Retrieved from http//www.nber.org/authors_papers/david_oneillOttawa, provinces to begin talks for health deal. (2011, November 22). The Canadian press. Retrieved from http//www.ctv.ca immemorial minister finally admits two-tier health care exists McDonough. (2000, November 13). The Canadian Press. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.caShouldice Clinic. Retrieved from http//www.shouldice.com/what_to_expect.htm